BulletML.FromDocument: Type detector. Various setstate bug fixes.
[python-bulletml.git] / bulletml / parser.py
index 10459cc..10b789a 100644 (file)
@@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
 """BulletML parser.
 
-http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~cs8k-cyu/bulletml/index_e.html
+This is based on the format described at
+http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~cs8k-cyu/bulletml/bulletml_ref_e.html.
+
+Unless you are adding support for new tags, the only class you should
+care about in here is BulletML.
 """
 
 from __future__ import division
 
+import math
+
 from xml.etree.ElementTree import ElementTree
 
 try:
-    from cStringIO import StringIO
+    from io import StringIO
 except ImportError:
-    from StringIO import StringIO
+    try:
+        from cStringIO import StringIO
+    except ImportError:
+        from StringIO import StringIO
 
 from bulletml.errors import Error
 from bulletml.expr import NumberDef, INumberDef
 
+
+__all_ = ["ParseError", "BulletML"]
+
 class ParseError(Error):
     """Raised when an error occurs parsing the XML structure."""
     pass
@@ -28,18 +40,18 @@ def realtag(element):
 
 class ParamList(object):
     """List of parameter definitions."""
-    def __init__(self, element):
-        self.params = []
-        if element:
-            for subelem in element:
-                if realtag(subelem) == "param":
-                    self.params.append(NumberDef(subelem.text))
+
+    def __init__(self, params=()):
+        self.params = list(params)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls([NumberDef(subelem.text) for subelem in element
+                    if realtag(subelem) == "param"])
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
-        new_params = [param(params, rank) for param in self.params]
-        while len(new_params) < len(params):
-            new_params.append(params[len(new_params)])
-        return new_params
+        return [param(params, rank) for param in self.params]
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.params)
@@ -47,12 +59,27 @@ class ParamList(object):
 class Direction(object):
     """Raw direction value."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element, type="absolute"):
-        self.type = element.get("type", type)
-        self.value = NumberDef(element.text)
+    VALID_TYPES = ["relative", "absolute", "aim", "sequence"]
+
+    def __init__(self, type, value):
+        if type not in self.VALID_TYPES:
+            raise ValueError("invalid type %r" % type)
+        self.type = type
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(type=self.type, value=self.value.expr)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["type"], NumberDef(state["value"]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element, default="absolute"):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls(element.get("type", default), NumberDef(element.text))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
-        return self.value(params, rank)
+        return (math.radians(self.value(params, rank)), self.type)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%r, type=%r)" % (
@@ -61,17 +88,32 @@ class Direction(object):
 class ChangeDirection(object):
     """Direction change over time."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
+    def __init__(self, term, direction):
+        self.term = term
+        self.direction = direction
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(frames=self.term.expr,
+                    type=self.direction.type,
+                    value=self.direction.value.expr)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(INumberDef(state["frames"]),
+                      Direction(state["type"], NumberDef(state["value"])))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "direction":
-                self.direction = Direction(doc, subelem)
+                direction = Direction.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "term":
-                self.term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
+                term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
         try:
-            self.term, self.direction
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise ParseError
+            return cls(term, direction)
+        except UnboundLocalError as exc:
+            raise ParseError(str(exc))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.term(params, rank), self.direction(params, rank)
@@ -83,31 +125,60 @@ class ChangeDirection(object):
 class Speed(object):
     """Raw speed value."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element, type="absolute"):
-        self.type = element.get("type", type)
-        self.value = NumberDef(element.text)
+    VALID_TYPES = ["relative", "absolute", "sequence"]
+
+    def __init__(self, type, value):
+        if type not in self.VALID_TYPES:
+            raise ValueError("invalid type %r" % type)
+        self.type = type
+        self.value = value
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(type=self.type, value=self.value.expr)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["type"], NumberDef(state["value"]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls(element.get("type", "absolute"), NumberDef(element.text))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
-        return self.value(params, rank)
+        return (self.value(params, rank), self.type)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "%s(%r, type=%r)" % (
-            type(self).__name__, self.value, self.type)
+        return "%s(%r, type=%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.value, self.type)
 
 class ChangeSpeed(object):
     """Speed change over time."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
+    def __init__(self, term, speed):
+        self.term = term
+        self.speed = speed
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(frames=self.term.expr,
+                    type=self.speed.type,
+                    value=self.speed.value.expr)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(INumberDef(state["frames"]),
+                      Speed(state["type"], NumberDef(state["value"])))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "speed":
-                self.speed = Speed(doc, subelem)
+                speed = Speed.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "term":
-                self.term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
+                term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
         try:
-            self.term, self.speed
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise ParseError
+            return cls(term, speed)
+        except UnboundLocalError as exc:
+            raise ParseError(str(exc))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.term(params, rank), self.speed(params, rank)
@@ -118,8 +189,20 @@ class ChangeSpeed(object):
 
 class Wait(object):
     """Wait for some frames."""
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        self.frames = INumberDef(element.text)
+
+    def __init__(self, frames):
+        self.frames = frames
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(frames=self.frames.expr)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(INumberDef(state["frames"]))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls(INumberDef(element.text))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.frames(params, rank)
@@ -127,31 +210,82 @@ class Wait(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%r)" % (type(self).__name__, self.frames)
 
+class Tag(object):
+    """Set a bullet tag."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tag):
+        self.tag = tag
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(tag=self.tag)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["tag"])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls(element.text)
+
+class Untag(object):
+    """Unset a bullet tag."""
+
+    def __init__(self, tag):
+        self.tag = tag
+        
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(tag=self.tag)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["tag"])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls(element.text)
+
 class Vanish(object):
     """Make the owner disappear."""
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
+
+    def __init__(self):
         pass
 
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        return cls()
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s()" % (type(self).__name__)
 
 class Repeat(object):
     """Repeat an action definition."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
+    def __init__(self, times, action):
+        self.times = times
+        self.action = action
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(times=self.times.expr, action=self.action)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(INumberDef(state["times"]), state["action"])
+    
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "times":
-                self.times = INumberDef(subelem.text)
+                times = INumberDef(subelem.text)
             elif tag == "action":
-                self.action = ActionDef(doc, subelem)
+                action = ActionDef.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "actionRef":
-                self.action = ActionRef(doc, subelem)
-
+                action = ActionRef.FromElement(doc, subelem)
         try:
-            self.times, self.action
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise ParseError
+            return cls(times, action)
+        except UnboundLocalError as exc:
+            raise ParseError(str(exc))
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.times(params, rank), self.action(params, rank)
@@ -165,18 +299,40 @@ class Accel(object):
     horizontal = None
     vertical = None
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
+    def __init__(self, term, horizontal=None, vertical=None):
+        self.term = term
+        self.horizontal = horizontal
+        self.vertical = vertical
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict(frames=self.term.expr)
+        if self.horizontal:
+            state["horizontal"] = self.horizontal
+        if self.vertical:
+            state["vertical"] = self.vertical
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(INumberDef(state["frames"]), state.get("horizontal"),
+                      state.get("vertical"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        horizontal = None
+        vertical = None
+
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "term":
-                self.term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
+                term = INumberDef(subelem.text)
             elif tag == "horizontal":
-                self.horizontal = Speed(doc, subelem)
+                horizontal = Speed.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "vertical":
-                self.vertical = Speed(doc, subelem)
+                vertical = Speed.FromElement(doc, subelem)
 
         try:
-            self.term
+            return cls(term, horizontal, vertical)
         except AttributeError:
             raise ParseError
 
@@ -196,30 +352,50 @@ class BulletDef(object):
     direction = None
     speed = None
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        self.actions = []
-        doc.bullets[element.get("label")] = self
+    def __init__(self, actions=[], direction=None, speed=None):
+        self.direction = direction
+        self.speed = speed
+        self.actions = list(actions)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict()
+        if self.direction:
+            state["direction"] = self.direction
+        if self.speed:
+            state["speed"] = self.speed
+        if self.actions:
+            state["actions"] = self.actions
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(**state)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        actions = []
+        speed = None
+        direction = None
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "direction":
-                self.direction = Direction(doc, subelem)
+                direction = Direction.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "speed":
-                self.speed = Speed(doc, subelem)
+                speed = Speed.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "action":
-                self.actions.append(ActionDef(doc, element))
+                actions.append(ActionDef.FromElement(doc, subelem))
             elif tag == "actionRef":
-                self.actions.append(ActionRef(doc, element))
+                actions.append(ActionRef.FromElement(doc, subelem))
+        dfn = cls(actions, direction, speed)
+        doc.bullets[element.get("label")] = dfn
+        return dfn
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
-        actions = []
-        for action in self.actions:
-            try:
-                actions.append((action.params(params), action.action))
-            except AttributeError:
-                actions.append((params, action))
-        return (self.direction and self.direction(params, rank),
-                self.speed and self.speed(params, rank),
-                actions)
+        actions = [action(params, rank) for action in self.actions]
+        return (
+            self.direction and self.direction(params, rank),
+            self.speed and self.speed(params, rank),
+            actions)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(direction=%r, speed=%r, actions=%r)" % (
@@ -228,10 +404,27 @@ class BulletDef(object):
 class BulletRef(object):
     """Create a bullet by name with parameters."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        self.bullet = element.get("label")
-        self.params = ParamList(element)
-        doc._bullet_refs.append(self)
+    def __init__(self, bullet, params=None):
+        self.bullet = bullet
+        self.params = ParamList() if params is None else params
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict(bullet=self.bullet)
+        if self.params.params:
+            state["params"] = [param.expr for param in self.params.params]
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        bullet = state["bullet"]
+        params = [NumberDef(param) for param in state.get("params", [])]
+        self.__init__(bullet, ParamList(params))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        bullet = cls(element.get("label"), ParamList.FromElement(doc, element))
+        doc._bullet_refs.append(bullet)
+        return bullet
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.bullet(self.params(params, rank), rank)
@@ -241,29 +434,41 @@ class BulletRef(object):
             type(self).__name__, self.params, self.bullet)
 
 class ActionDef(object):
-    """Action definition."""
+    """Action definition.
+
+    To support parsing new actions, add tags to
+    ActionDef.CONSTRUCTORS. It maps tag names to classes with a
+    FromElement classmethod, which take the BulletML instance and
+    ElementTree element as arguments.
+    """
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        doc.actions[element.get("label")] = self
-        self.actions = []
+    # This is self-referential, so it's filled in later.
+    CONSTRUCTORS = dict()
+
+    def __init__(self, actions):
+        self.actions = list(actions)
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(actions=self.actions)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["actions"])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        actions = []
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             try:
-                ctr = dict(
-                    repeat=Repeat,
-                    fire=FireDef,
-                    fireRef=FireRef,
-                    changeSpeed=ChangeSpeed,
-                    changeDirection=ChangeDirection,
-                    accel=Accel,
-                    wait=Wait,
-                    vanish=Vanish,
-                    action=ActionDef,
-                    actionRef=ActionRef)[tag]
+                ctr = cls.CONSTRUCTORS[tag]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
-                self.actions.append(ctr(doc, subelem))
+                actions.append(ctr.FromElement(doc, subelem))
+        dfn = cls(actions)
+        doc.actions[element.get("label")] = dfn
+        return dfn
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.actions, params
@@ -274,10 +479,27 @@ class ActionDef(object):
 class ActionRef(object):
     """Run an action by name with parameters."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        self.action = element.get("label")
-        self.params = ParamList(element)
-        doc._action_refs.append(self)
+    def __init__(self, action, params=None):
+        self.action = action
+        self.params = params or ParamList()
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict(action=self.action)
+        if self.params.params:
+            state["params"] = [param.expr for param in self.params.params]
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        action = state["action"]
+        params = [NumberDef(param) for param in state.get("params", [])]
+        self.__init__(action, ParamList(params))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        action = cls(element.get("label"), ParamList.FromElement(doc, element))
+        doc._action_refs.append(action)
+        return action
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         return self.action(self.params(params, rank), rank)
@@ -286,28 +508,103 @@ class ActionRef(object):
         return "%s(params=%r, action=%r)" % (
             type(self).__name__, self.params, self.action)
 
+class Offset(object):
+    """Provide an offset to a bullet's initial position."""
+
+    VALID_TYPES = ["relative", "absolute"]
+
+    def __init__(self, type, x, y):
+        if type not in self.VALID_TYPES:
+            raise ValueError("invalid type %r" % type)
+        self.type = type
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict(type=self.type)
+        if self.x:
+            state["x"] = self.x.expr
+        if self.y:
+            state["y"] = self.y.expr
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["type"], state.get("x"), state.get("y"))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        type = element.get("type", "relative")
+        x = None
+        y = None
+        for subelem in element:
+            tag = realtag(subelem)
+            if tag == "x":
+                x = NumberDef(subelem.text)
+            elif tag == "y":
+                y = NumberDef(subelem.text)
+        return cls(type, x, y)
+
+    def __call__(self, params, rank):
+        return (self.x(params, rank) if self.x else 0,
+                self.y(params, rank) if self.y else 0)
+
 class FireDef(object):
     """Fire definition (creates a bullet)."""
 
-    direction = None
-    speed = None
+    def __init__(self, bullet, direction=None, speed=None, offset=None):
+        self.bullet = bullet
+        self.direction = direction
+        self.speed = speed
+        self.offset = offset
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        try:
+            params = self.bullet.params
+        except AttributeError:
+            state = dict(bullet=self.bullet)
+        else:
+            if params.params:
+                state = dict(bullet=self.bullet)
+            else:
+                state = dict(bullet=self.bullet.bullet)
+        if self.direction:
+            state["direction"] = self.direction
+        if self.speed:
+            state["speed"] = self.speed
+        if self.offset:
+            state["offset"] = self.offset
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(**state)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        direction = None
+        speed = None
+        offset = None
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        doc.fires[element.get("label")] = self
         for subelem in element.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(subelem)
             if tag == "direction":
-                self.direction = Direction(doc, subelem)
+                direction = Direction.FromElement(doc, subelem, "aim")
             elif tag == "speed":
-                self.speed = Speed(doc, subelem)
+                speed = Speed.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "bullet":
-                self.bullet = BulletDef(doc, subelem)
+                bullet = BulletDef.FromElement(doc, subelem)
             elif tag == "bulletRef":
-                self.bullet = BulletRef(doc, subelem)
+                bullet = BulletRef.FromElement(doc, subelem)
+            elif tag == "offset":
+                offset = Offset.FromElement(doc, subelem)
         try:
-            self.bullet
-        except AttributeError:
-            raise ParseError
+            fire = cls(bullet, direction, speed, offset)
+        except UnboundLocalError as exc:
+            raise ParseError(str(exc))
+        else:
+            doc.fires[element.get("label")] = fire
+            return fire
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
         direction, speed, actions = self.bullet(params, rank)
@@ -315,7 +612,7 @@ class FireDef(object):
             direction = self.direction(params, rank)
         if self.speed:
             speed = self.speed(params, rank)
-        return direction, speed, actions
+        return direction, speed, actions, self.offset
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(direction=%r, speed=%r, bullet=%r)" % (
@@ -324,13 +621,29 @@ class FireDef(object):
 class FireRef(object):
     """Fire a bullet by name with parameters."""
 
-    def __init__(self, doc, element):
-        self.fire = element.get("label")
-        self.params = ParamList(element)
-        doc._fire_refs.append(self)
+    def __init__(self, fire, params=None):
+        self.fire = fire
+        self.params = params or ParamList()
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        state = dict(fire=self.fire)
+        if self.params.params:
+            state["params"] = [param.expr for param in self.params.params]
+        return state
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        fire = state["fire"]
+        params = [NumberDef(param) for param in state.get("params", [])]
+        self.__init__(fire, ParamList(params))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromElement(cls, doc, element):
+        """Construct using an ElementTree-style element."""
+        fired = cls(element.get("label"), ParamList.FromElement(doc, element))
+        doc._fire_refs.append(fired)
+        return fired
 
     def __call__(self, params, rank):
-        """Generate a Bullet from the FireDef and params."""
         return self.fire(self.params(params, rank), rank)
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -342,6 +655,12 @@ class BulletML(object):
 
     A BulletML document is a collection of bullets, actions, and
     firings, as well as a base game type.
+
+    You can add tags to the BulletML.CONSTRUCTORS dictionary to extend
+    its parsing. It maps tag names to classes with a FromElement
+    classmethod, which take the BulletML instance and ElementTree
+    element as arguments.
+    
     """
 
     CONSTRUCTORS = dict(
@@ -350,27 +669,37 @@ class BulletML(object):
         fire=FireDef,
         )
 
-    def __init__(self, source):
-        self.bullets = {}
-        self.actions = {}
-        self.fires = {}
+    def __init__(self, type="none", bullets=None, fires=None, actions=None):
+        self.type = type
+        self.bullets = {} if bullets is None else bullets
+        self.actions = {} if actions is None else actions
+        self.fires = {} if fires is None else fires
 
-        self._bullet_refs = []
-        self._action_refs = []
-        self._fire_refs = []
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return dict(type=self.type, actions=self.actions)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self.__init__(state["type"], actions=state.get("actions"))
 
-        if isinstance(source, (str, unicode)):
+    @classmethod
+    def FromXML(cls, source):
+        """Return a BulletML instance based on XML."""
+        if not hasattr(source, 'read'):
             source = StringIO(source)
 
         tree = ElementTree()
         root = tree.parse(source)
 
-        self.type = root.get("type", "none")
+        self = cls(type=root.get("type", "none"))
+
+        self._bullet_refs = []
+        self._action_refs = []
+        self._fire_refs = []
 
         for element in root.getchildren():
             tag = realtag(element)
             if tag in self.CONSTRUCTORS:
-                self.CONSTRUCTORS[tag](self, element)
+                self.CONSTRUCTORS[tag].FromElement(self, element)
 
         try:
             for ref in self._bullet_refs:
@@ -386,13 +715,66 @@ class BulletML(object):
         del(self._action_refs)
         del(self._fire_refs)
 
+        self.bullets.pop(None, None)
+        self.actions.pop(None, None)
+        self.fires.pop(None, None)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromYAML(cls, source):
+        """Create a BulletML instance based on YAML."""
+
+        # Late import to avoid a circular dependency.
+        try:
+            import bulletml.bulletyaml
+            import yaml
+        except ImportError:
+            raise ParseError("PyYAML is not available")
+        else:
+            try:
+                return yaml.load(source)
+            except Exception, exc:
+                raise ParseError(str(exc))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def FromDocument(cls, source):
+        """Create a BulletML instance based on a seekable file or string.
+
+        This attempts to autodetect if the stream is XML or YAML.
+        """
+        if not hasattr(source, 'read'):
+            source = StringIO(source)
+        start = source.read(1)
+        source.seek(0)
+        if start == "<":
+            return cls.FromXML(source)
+        elif start == "!":
+            return cls.FromYAML(source)
+        else:
+            raise ParseError("unknown initial character %r" % start)
+
     @property
     def top(self):
         """Get a list of all top-level actions."""
-        return [dfn for name, dfn in self.actions.iteritems()
+        return [dfn for name, dfn in self.actions.items()
                 if name and name.startswith("top")]
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(type=%r, bullets=%r, actions=%r, fires=%r)" % (
             type(self).__name__, self.type, self.bullets, self.actions,
             self.fires)
+
+ActionDef.CONSTRUCTORS = dict(
+    repeat=Repeat,
+    fire=FireDef,
+    fireRef=FireRef,
+    changeSpeed=ChangeSpeed,
+    changeDirection=ChangeDirection,
+    accel=Accel,
+    wait=Wait,
+    vanish=Vanish,
+    tag=Tag,
+    untag=Untag,
+    action=ActionDef,
+    actionRef=ActionRef)